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大学习英语往年六级真题：2020年12月英语六级听力
Recording 1
Here is my baby niece Sarah. Her Mon is a doctor and her dad is a lawyer.By the time Sarah goes to college, the jobs her parents do are going to lookdramatically different.
In 2013, researchers at Oxford University did a study on the future ofwork. They concluded that almost one in every two jobs have a high risk of beingautomated by machines. Machine learning is the technology thats responsible formost of this disruption. Its the most powerful branch of artificialintelligence. It allows machines to learn from data and copy some of the thingsthat humans can do. My company, Kaggle, operates on the cutting edge of machinelearning. We bring together hundreds of thousands of experts to solve importantproblems for industry and academia. This gives us a unique perspective on whatmachines can do, what they cant do and what jobs they might automate orthreaten.
Machine learning started making its way into industry in the early 90’s. Itstarted with relatively simple tasks. It started with things like assessingcredit risk from loan applications, sorting the mail by reading handwritten zipcodes. Over the past few years, we have made dramatic breakthroughs. Machinelearning is now capable of far, far more complex tasks. In 2012, Kagglechallenged its community to build a program that could grade high-school essays.The winning programs were able to match the grades given by human teachers.
Now, given the right data, machines are going to outperform humans at taskslike this. A teacher might read 10,000 essays over a 40-year career. A machinecan read millions of essays within minutes. We have no chance of competingagainst machines on frequent, high-volume tasks.
But there are things we can do that machines cant do. Where machines havemade very little progress is in tackling novel situations. Machines cant handlethings they havent seen many times before. The fundamental limitations ofmachine learning is that it needs to learn from large volumes of past data. Buthumans dont. We have the ability to connect seemingly different threads tosolve problems weve never seen before.
Question 16: What did the researchers at Oxford University conclude?
Question 17: What do we learn about Kaggle company’s winning programs?
Question 18: What is the fundamental limitation of machine learning?
Recording 2
We’ve talked recently about the importance of sustainable energy. Wevealso talked about the different theories on how that can be done. So far, ourdiscussions have all been theoretical. Now I have a practical question for youall. Can you run a one hundred and forty thousand kilogram train on just thesteam generated by solar power? Well, one engineer, Tim councilman believes itspossible.
And his home city of Sacramento, California should see the technologiesfirst test as part of the upgrading of its rail yard. Councilman, who is aninventor and self-proclaimed steam visionary, is campaigning for a new steamtrain that runs without any fire and could run on an existing ten kilometerline, drawing tourists and perhaps offering city commuters a green alternativeto their cars. Councilman wants to build an array of solar magnifying mirrors atone end of the line to collect and focus heat onto water filled tubes.
This would generate steam that could be used to fill tanks on a small steamtrain without the use of fire. Supplying power to trains in this way would offerthe shortest distance from well to wheels, he says, with the least amount ofenergy lost, according to harry valentine, a Canadian engineer who wasresearching modern steam technology, a special tank measuring two by ten meterscould store over seven hundred and fifty kilowatt hours of energy as highpressure steam enough to pull a two car train for an hour or so. Energy to drivea steam locomotive can be stored in other materials besides water.
For example, a team at Tohoku University in japan has studied materialsthat can store large amounts of heat. When he did, these materials turned from asolid into a liquid, absorbing energy as they change phase. The liquid ismaintained above its melting point until steam is required, at which point theliquid is allowed to turn back into a solid, releasing its stored energy.Another team at Nagoya University in japan has tested calcium compound as anenergy storage material, heating this chemical compound drives off carbondioxide gas, leaving calcium oxide.
The gas can be stored under pressure in a tank to recover the energy. Thegas is bent back over the calcium oxide. In theory, says Valentine, this cancreate a high enough temperature to generate superheated steam.
Question 19: What has the speaker previously talked about?
Question 20: What is Tim Councilman trying to do in Sacramento?
Question 21: What has a Japanese research team tried to do?
Recording 3
Today’s crisis in care for older people in England has two main causes.First, people are living longer with a lot more complex needs. Second, they relyon a system that has long been marked by a poor relation between national healthand social care services.
Current services originated in two key measures. They are the NationalHealth Service and the 1948 National Assistance Act. This required localgovernment to provide residential accommodation for older people and supervisecare homes run by independent organizations. They also provide home andcommunity services including meals, day centers and home helpers and othersubsidized services. The National Health Service was free and wholly publiclyprovided. It delivered the best health care for all. No such vision guidedresidential and community care though. The care was substantially provided byvoluntary services which work together with local authorities as they long hadwith eligibility based on income. Today, life expectancy has risen from 66 for amale at birth in 1948 to around 80 now. In addition, there is better overallhealth and improved medical knowledge in care. This means an unprecedentednumber of people are surviving longer in conditions requiring ex-birth support.Families provide at least as much of care as they ever did. Even so, they canrarely without subsidized support address serious personal needs. Care for olderpeople faced persistent criticism as these trends became apparent. From theearly nineteen sixties, local authorities were required to plan health andwelfare services. The aim was to enable older people to remain in their ownhomes for as long as possible. But this increased concern about the lack ofcoordination between free health and paid for social care. Through the nineteenseventies, a number of measures sought to improve matters.
However, at a time of financial crisis, funding diminished and littlechanged. In the 1980s, the government cut spending. Meanwhile, preference forprivate over public services made management even more difficult.Simultaneously, the number of sick, older people grew. Governments emphasizedthe need to improve services. They did so though, while doing little to sTOP theerosion of available aid.
Services were irregular cross authorities unless you were prepared to pay.They were increasingly difficult to obtain for any but the most severelydisabled. Why has sixty years of criticism produce so little change?
Discrimination against older people has a long history. Additionally, thoseaffected by inadequate health and social care are too vulnerable to launch theprotests that have addressed other forms of discrimination.
22. What is one cause of the current crisis in care for the elderly inEngland?
23. What does the speaker say about residential and community care?
24. What made management of care toward elderly more difficult in the1980s?
25. What does the speaker say about older people in England?
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