英语基础语法要点大全：动词不定式
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7. 动词不定式
7.1 不定式作宾语
1) 动词+ 不定式
afford aim appear agree arrange ask be decide bother care choose come dare demand desire determine expect elect endeavor hope fail happen help hesitate learn long mean manage offer ought plan prepare pretend promise refuse seem tend wait wish undertake
举例：
The driver failed to see the other car in time.
司机没能准时看见另一辆车。
I happen to know the answer to your question.
我碰巧了解你那道问题的答案。
2)动词+不定式 ; 动词+宾语+不定式
ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish
I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢每件东西都维持整洁。
I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢你年使每件东西都维持整洁。
I want to speak to Tom. 我想和汤姆谈话。
I want you to speak to Tom. 我想叫你和汤姆谈话。
3) 动词+疑问词+ to
decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell
Please show us how to do that. 请演示给大家怎么样去做。
There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I cant make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。
注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时，谓语动词用单数。
The question is how to put it into practice.
问题是如何把它付诸推行。
7.1 不定式作宾语
1) 动词+ 不定式
afford aim appear agree arrange ask be decide bother care choose come dare demand desire determine expect elect endeavor hope fail happen help hesitate learn long mean manage offer ought plan prepare pretend promise refuse seem tend wait wish undertake
举例：
The driver failed to see the other car in time.
司机没能准时看见另一辆车。
I happen to know the answer to your question.
我碰巧了解你那道问题的答案。
2)动词+不定式 ; 动词+宾语+不定式
ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish
I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢每件东西都维持整洁。
I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢你年使每件东西都维持整洁。
I want to speak to Tom. 我想和汤姆谈话。
I want you to speak to Tom. 我想叫你和汤姆谈话。
3) 动词+疑问词+ to
decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell
Please show us how to do that. 请演示给大家怎么样去做。
There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I cant make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。
注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时，谓语动词用单数。
The question is how to put it into practice.
问题是如何把它付诸推行。
7.2 不定式作补语
1) 动词+宾语+不定式
advise allow appoint believe cause challenge command compel consider declare drive enable encourage find forbid force guess hire imagine impel induce inform instruct invite judge know like order permit persuade remind report request require select send state suppose tell think train trust understand urge warn
例句：
a. Father will not allow us to play on the street.
爸爸不让大家在街上玩耍。
b. We believe him to be guilty.
大家相信他是有罪的。
Find 的特殊使用方法：
Find 后可用分词做宾补，或先加形式宾语，再加形容词，最后加带to 的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get，have。
I found him lying on the ground.
I found it important to learn.
I found that to learn English is important.
典型例题:
The next morning she found the man ___ in bed，dead.
A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying
答案：A.find的宾语后面，用分词或分词短语，起宾语补足语用途。目前分词表达主动，也表达正在进行，过去分词表达被动。
2) to + be 的不定式结构，作补语的动词。
Acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare, discover, fancy, feel find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see, show, suppose, take, understand
We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.
大家觉得汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。
典型例题
Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer.
A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented
答案：A. 由consider to do sth. 排除B、D。. 此句只说明创造这一个事实，不定式后用原形即可。而C为目前完成时，创造为点动词通常不需要完成时，且此处也不强调对目前的影响，因此不选C。
3) to be +形容词
Seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean
The book is believed to be uninteresting.
大家觉得这本书没的意思是。
4) there be+不定式
believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand
We didnt expect there to be so many people there.大家没料到会有那样多人在哪儿。
注意 ： 有的动词需用as 短语做补语，如regard, think believe, take, consider.
We regard Tom as our best teacher. 大家觉得汤姆是大家最好的老师。
Mary took him as her father . 玛丽把他当作我们的爸爸。
7.3 不定式主语
1) Its easy to do that.我做这事太容易了
easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better;
the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough
Its so nice to hear your voice.
听到你的声音真开心。
Its necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.
当你不需要车的时候，锁车是有必要的。
2) Its very kind of you to help us. 他帮助大家，他真好。
Kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate, silly, selfish
例句:
It was silly of us to believe him. 大家真愚蠢，居然相信了他。
It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不给他们任何东西，这看上去太自私了。
注意：1) 其他系动词如，look，appear等也可用于此句型
2) 不定式作为句子成分时，动词用单数形式。
3) 当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不可以用It is to的句型
To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。
It is to believe to see.
7.4 Its for sb.和 Its of sb.
1)for sb. 常用于表示事物的特点特征，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等：
Its very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来讲学两门外语是非常难的。
2)of sb的句型通常用表示人物的性格特点，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。
Its very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我，你真是太好了。
for 与of 的分辨办法：
用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。假如道理上通顺用of，不通则用for。如：
You are nice. 。
He is hard.
7.5 不定式作表语
不定式可放在be动词后面，形成表语。比如：
My work is to clean the room every day.
His dream is to be a doctor.
7.6 不定式作定语
不定式做定语一般要放在被修饰的词后。比如：
I have a lot of work to do.
So he made some candles to give light.
7.7 不定式作状语
1)目的状语
To only to , in order to, so as to, so as to
He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。
I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我来只是向你告别。
2)作结果状语，表事先没预料到的，要放在句子后面。
What have I said to make you angry.
He searched the room only to find nothing.
3) 表缘由
Im glad to see you.
典型例题
The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___.
A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on
答案：B. 假如不定式为不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时，常坐落于形容词+动词不定式结构的末尾。
7.8 用作介词的to
to 有两种使用方法： 一为不定式+动词原形; 一为介词+名词/动名词, to 在下面的使用方法中是第二种，即to+ 名词/动名词：
admit to承认， confess to承认，
be accustomed to 习惯于， be used to 习惯于， stick to 坚持， turn to开始，着手于， devote oneself to 捐躯于， be devoted to 致力于， look forward to 盼望， pay attention to 注意
7.8 用作介词的to
to 有两种使用方法： 一为不定式+动词原形; 一为介词+名词/动名词, to 在下面的使用方法中是第二种，即to+ 名词/动名词：
admit to承认， confess to承认，
be accustomed to 习惯于， be used to 习惯于， stick to 坚持， turn to开始，着手于， devote oneself to 捐躯于， be devoted to 致力于， look forward to 盼望， pay attention to 注意
7.10 动词不定式的否定式
Tell him not to shut the window
She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候，她假装没看见。
典型例题
1)Tell him ___ the window.
A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut
D. not shut
答案：B。 tell sb to do sth 的否定形式为tell sb not to do sth.
2) She pretended ___ me when I passed by.
A. not to see B. not seeing C. to not see
D. having not seen
答案：A。 pretend 后应接不定式。其否定形式为pretend not to do sth.。
3)Mrs. Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking.
A. never to drive B. to never driver
C. never driving D. never drive
答案：A。warn sb to do sth. 的否定形式为warn sb not to do sth. 此处用的是不是定词never.
4) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him ____.
A. not to B. not to do C. not do it
D. do not to
答案：A。not to 为not to do it 的省略形式。可以只用to这个词，而不必重复整个不定式词组。及物动词do后应有名词、代词等，不然不对，因此B，D不对。
5) The patient was warned ___ oily food after the operation.
A. to eat no B. eating not C. not to eat
D. not eating
答案：C。warn一词需要后用不定式，此处为不定式的被动，否定形式为be warned not to do。
7.11 不定式的特殊句型tooto
1)tooto 太以至于
He is too excited to speak.
他太激动了，说不出话来。
---- Can I help you ? 需要我帮忙吗?
---- Well, Im afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same. 不需要了。这箱子太重，恐怕你搬不动。谢谢你。
2) 如在too前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达一定， too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义，意 为不太。
Its never too late to mend.
改过不嫌晚。
3) 当too 前面有only, all, but时，意思是：很 等于very。
Im only too pleased to be able to help you. 我特别高兴能帮你。
He was but too eager to get home. 他很想回家。
7.12 不定式的特殊句型so as to
1) 表示目的;它的否定式是so as not to do。
Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.
汤姆对事故维持沉默是为了不扔掉他的工作。
Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.
轻点进来，别惊醒了婴儿。
2) so kind as to ---劳驾
Would you be so kind as to tell me the time?
劳驾，目前什么时间了。
7.13 不定式的特殊句型Why not
Why not +动词原形表达向某人提出建议，翻译为：为何不? 干吗不?
比如：
Why not take a holiday?
干吗不去度假?
7.14 不定式的时态和语态
时态\语态 主动 被动
通常式 to do to be done
进行式 to be doing
完成式 to have done to have been done
完成进行式 to have been doing
1) 目前时：通常目前时表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。
He seems to know this.
I hope to see you again. = I hope that Ill see you again. 我期望再见到你。
2) 完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
Im sorry to have given you so much trouble.
He seems to have caught a cold.
3) 进行时： 表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。
He seems to be eating something.
4) 完成进行时：
She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.
7.15 动名词与不定式
1) 动名词与不定式有什么区别：
动名词表达的是： 状况，性质，心理，抽象，常常性，已发生的
不定式表达的是： 目的，结果，缘由，具体，一次性，将发生的
2) 接不定式或动名词，意义相同。
3) 动名词与不定式语义不一样的有11 组：
1 sTOP to do sTOP doing
2 forget to do forget doing
3 remember to do remember doing
4 regret to do regret doing
5 cease to do cease doing
6 try to do try doing
7 go on to do go on doing
8 afraid to do afraid doing
9 interested to do interested doing
10 mean to do mean doing
11 begin/ start to do begin/ start doing
