2015期末考试英语记叙文写作方法指导
记叙文是记人叙事的文章，它主如果用于说明事件的时间、背景、起因、过程及结果，即大家一般所说的五个 W 和一个 H 。记叙文的重点在于述说和描写，因此一篇好的记叙文要叙述条理了解，描写生动形象。下面就谈谈英语记叙文的特征和写好记叙文的基本要点。
1、记叙文的特征
1. 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的历程。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过我来传达给读者，使人读后感到真实可信，如身临其境。如：
The other day, I was driving along the street. Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast. I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side. But it was too late. The car hit my bike and I fell off it.
用第三人称叙述，优点在于叙述者不受我活动范围以内的人和事物的限制，而是通过作者与读者以外的第三者，直接把故事中的情节展示在读者面前，文章的客观性非常强。如：
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard. On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover. Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short. What could he do? Then he had a good idea.
2. 动词的时态
在记叙文中，记和叙都不能离开动词。所以动词出现率最高，且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的，这是英语记叙文不同于汉语记叙文的重点之处。英语写作的优美之处就是这类动词时态的变化，正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3. 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有肯定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙，都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最易操作，较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种办法也容易使文章看上去平铺直叙，读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述办法能有效地提升文章的结构成效，让所叙之事跌宕起伏，使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃，从而为文章所吸引，深入其中。但这类办法假如使用方法不对，则容易弄巧成拙，使文章结构散乱，头绪不清，让读者不知所云。
4. 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通有哪些用途。过渡总是用在地址转移或时间、事件转换与由概括说明到具体叙述时。如：
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things. Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao. It is really a beautiful city. There are many places of interest to see. But what impressed me most was the sunrise.
The next morning I got up early. I was very happy because it was a fine day. By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red. In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing. The sun was very red, not shining. It rose slowly. At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball. At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright.
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5. 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提升表现力的一种好办法。适合地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述，可以客观生动地反映人物的性格特点、品质和心理状况，使记叙生动、有趣，使文章内容愈加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述成效：
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something. Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front. I thought maybe someone was knocking the door. I asked who it was but I heard no reply. After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor. I realized it was the cat. I felt released.
这本来应是一段故事性非常强的文字，但经作者这么一写，就不那样吸引人了。缘由是文中用的都是叙述模式，无人物语言，把悬念给冲淡了。可作如下调整：
I was in the kitchen cooking something. Crash! a loud noise came from the front. Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, Who? No reply. After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor. Its you. I said, quite released.
2、写好记叙文的基本要点
1. 头绪分明，脉络了解
写好记叙文，第一要头绪分明，脉络了解，明确文章需要写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行剖析，弄清事件发生、进步一直到结束的整个过程，然后再采集选取素材。这类素材都要跟上述五个 W 和一个 H 有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都需要包含这类 W 和 H ，但动笔之前，围绕五个 W 和 H 进行构思是必不可少的。
2. 突出中心，详略得当
在文章的框架确定后，对支持故事的素材的选取是很重要的。选材应该注意取舍，应该从表现文章主题的需要出发，分清主次，定好详略。要突出重点，详写细述那些能表现文章主题的要紧情节，略写粗述那样非重点的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化，使人不能要点。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题，也需要肯定的方法。如：
One night a man came to our house and told me, There is a family with eight children. They have not eaten for days. I took some food with me and went.
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured by hunger. There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger.
I gave the rice to the mother. She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice. When she came back, I asked her, Where did you go? she gave me this simple answer, To my neighbors - they are hungry also!
3. 用活语言，准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动，又要表现力强，如此才能把人、事描写得具体生动，其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后成效。
原文：
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away. He was soon lost among people and traffic. He could not find the way back home and started crying. Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying. They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened. Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived. The two students decided to take him home. Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound. She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didnt take it. She served them with tea but they left.
修改后：
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street. After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home. But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic. When he could not find the way home, he started and crying. Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop. They immediately went up to him.
Little boy, why are you standing here crying? they asked.
I want Mom, I go home. said the boy, still crying.
Dont worry, well send you home.
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boys house. With the help of a policeman, they finally found it.
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house. Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea.
